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Soybeans are the most common source of isoflavones in human food; the major isoflavones in soybean are genistein and daidzein. [1] The phenylpropanoid pathway begins from the amino acid phenylalanine , and an intermediate of the pathway, naringenin , is sequentially converted into the isoflavone genistein by two legume-specific enzymes ...
Daidzein can be found in food such as soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein. Soy isoflavones are a group of compounds found in and isolated from the soybean. Of note, total isoflavones in soybeans are—in general—37 percent daidzein, 57 percent genistein and 6 percent glycitein, according to USDA data. [5]
It is unclear if phytoestrogens have any effect on male physiology, with conflicting results about the potential effects of isoflavones originating from soy. [1] Some studies showed that isoflavone supplementation had a positive effect on sperm concentration, count, or motility, and increased ejaculate volume.
Isoflavonoids and their derivatives are sometimes referred to as phytoestrogens, as many isoflavonoid compounds have biological effects via the estrogen receptor. Medically, isoflavonoids and related compounds have been used in many dietary supplements but the medical and scientific community [ who? ] is generally skeptical of their use.
Genistein may act as direct antioxidant, similar to many other isoflavones, and thus may alleviate damaging effects of free radicals in tissues. [24] [25] The same molecule of genistein, similar to many other isoflavones, by generation of free radicals poison topoisomerase II, an enzyme important for maintaining DNA stability. [26] [27] [28]
Glycitin (glycitein 7-O-glucoside) is an isoflavone found in soy, and remains to various degrees in soy products like tofu, soymilk [1] and soy sauce. [2] Although glycitin has its own health associated properties (below), it can be transformed to glycitein by human intestinal flora by the action of beta-glucosidases.
Glycitein is an O-methylated isoflavone which accounts for 5-10% of the total isoflavones in soy food products. Glycitein is a phytoestrogen with weak estrogenic activity, comparable to that of the other soy isoflavones. [1] Glycitin (glycitein 7-O-glucoside) can be transformed to glycetein by human intestinal flora.
A 2019 systematic review found that intake of soy and soy isoflavones is associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. [74] The study found that an increase in isoflavone consumption by 10 mg per day was associated with a 7% decrease in risk from all cancers, and an increase in consumption of soy ...