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The earliest rail chairs, made of cast iron and introduced around 1800, were used to fix and support cast-iron rails at their ends; [2] they were also used to join adjacent rails. [ 35 ] In the 1830s rolled T-shaped (or single-flanged T parallel rail ) and I-shaped (or double-flanged T parallel or bullhead ) rails were introduced; both required ...
[1] [7] They appear to have evolved from an informal modification to the beam pumps, where the miners used spikes stuck into the wooden pump rods to get themselves carried up the shaft. [1] As beam pumps were universal in deep mines, it was a then simple development to make proper platforms to carry the miners.
A railway track (CwthE and UIC terminology) or railroad track (NAmE), also known as permanent way (CwthE) [1] or "P Way" (BrE [2] and Indian English), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers (railroad ties in American English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade.
The middle part of the tail had "double beams" (oddly shaped chevron bones on the underside, which gave Diplodocus its name). They may have provided support for the vertebrae, or perhaps prevented the blood vessels from being crushed if the animal's heavy tail pressed against the ground. These "double beams" are also seen in some related dinosaurs.
Partisan, a large double-bladed spearhead mounted on a long shaft that had protrusions on either side for parrying sword thrusts Poleaxe , a type of polearm with an axehead or hammerhead on the sides with either a spike or spearhead at the top and mounted on a long shaft.
Gusset plates are used to connect beams and columns together or to connect truss members. They can be either the only way of connecting the beam and columns or they can be used with bolts and welds. Gusset plates are therefore used in most metal weight-bearing structures, but the material and size of the gusset plate varies based on the structure.
Some early rails were made in a T cross section, but the lack of metal at the foot limited the bending strength of the rail, which has to act as a beam between supports. As metal technologies improved, these wrought iron rails were made progressively somewhat longer, and with a heavier, and therefore stronger, cross-section.
Historically, spikers was the slang-name for the rail workers who drove in the spikes after the gandy dancers laid the track on the tie. Spikes are used to hold the rail in gauge and keep it connected to the ties. Before the development of automated spikers, this task was done entirely by hand using pickaxes to drive the spikes into the ties.