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Multiple kinds of data validation are relevant to 10-digit pre-2007 ISBNs (the 2005 edition of ISO 2108 required ISBNs to have 13 digits from 2007 onwards [3]). Size. A pre-2007 ISBN must consist of 10 digits, with optional hyphens or spaces separating its four parts. Format checks.
The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10. As ISBN-13 is a subset of EAN-13, the algorithm for calculating the check digit is exactly the same for both.
ISBN-10 and ISBN-13 use different check digit algorithms to compute the last digit of the ISBN. The following tools will convert any ISBN-10 to an ISBN-13 along with the correct check digit value. Nihiltres' ISBN tool; ISBN converter of the U.S. Library of Congress; ISBN converter of ISBN.org; Stylistically, please:
Data reconciliation is a technique that targets at correcting measurement errors that are due to measurement noise, i.e. random errors.From a statistical point of view the main assumption is that no systematic errors exist in the set of measurements, since they may bias the reconciliation results and reduce the robustness of the reconciliation.
A training data set is a data set of examples used during the learning process and is used to fit the parameters (e.g., weights) of, for example, a classifier. [9] [10]For classification tasks, a supervised learning algorithm looks at the training data set to determine, or learn, the optimal combinations of variables that will generate a good predictive model. [11]
The final digit of a Universal Product Code, International Article Number, Global Location Number or Global Trade Item Number is a check digit computed as follows: [3] [4]. Add the digits in the odd-numbered positions from the left (first, third, fifth, etc.—not including the check digit) together and multiply by three.
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80 high-resolution aerial images with spatial resolution ranging from 0.3 to 1.0. Images manually segmented. 80 Images Aerial Classification, object detection 2013 [156] [157] J. Yuan et al. KIT AIS Data Set Multiple labeled training and evaluation datasets of aerial images of crowds. Images manually labeled to show paths of individuals through ...