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Freud also saw displacement as occurring in jokes, [8] as well as in neuroses – the obsessional neurotic being especially prone to the technique of displacement onto the minute. [9] When two or more displacements occur towards the same idea, the phenomenon is called condensation (from the German Verdichtung).
Comparing the linguistic evidence to Freud's account of the dream-work, Jakobson saw symbolism as relating to metaphor, condensation, and displacement to metonymy. [7] Jakobson's work encouraged Jacques Lacan to say that the unconscious is structured like a language.
In the first definitive book on defence mechanisms, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), [7] Anna Freud enumerated the ten defence mechanisms that appear in the works of her father, Sigmund Freud: repression, regression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against one's own person, reversal into the opposite, and sublimation or displacement.
Freud explained how the forgetting of multiple events in our everyday life can be consequences of repression, suppression, denial, displacement, and identification. Defense mechanisms occur to protects one's ego so in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life , Freud stated, "painful memories merge into motivated forgetting which special ease".
Taking advantage of the relaxation of vigilance during sleep, the repressed thoughts are able to partially gain access by associating themselves with non-threatening thoughts and images, primarily by means of what Freud called condensation and displacement. Thus the manifest content is a representation of the latent content in a disguised and ...
Freud considered that there was "reason to assume that there is a primal repression, a first phase of repression, which consists in the psychical (ideational) representative of the instinct being denied entrance into the conscious", as well as a second stage of repression, repression proper (an "after-pressure"), which affects mental derivatives of the repressed representative.
Sigmund Freud, 1926. In psychology, sublimation is a mature type of defense mechanism, in which socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.
Heinz Hartmann set the tone for ego psychology when he "chose to ... do without 'Freud's other, mainly biologically oriented set of hypotheses of the "life" and "death instincts"'". [78] In the object relations theory , among the independent group 'the most common repudiation was the loathsome notion of the death instinct'. [ 79 ]