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United States vehicle emission standards are set through a combination of legislative mandates enacted by Congress through Clean Air Act (CAA) amendments from 1970 onwards, and executive regulations managed nationally by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and more recently along with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
An emission performance standard is a limit that sets thresholds above which a different type of vehicle emissions control technology might be needed. While emission performance standards have been used to dictate limits for conventional pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and oxides of sulphur (NO x and SO x ), [ 3 ] this regulatory ...
The use of exhaust gas recirculation and catalytic converters in motor vehicle engines have significantly reduced vehicular emissions. NO x was the main focus of the Volkswagen emissions violations. Other technologies such as flameless oxidation and staged combustion significantly reduce thermal NO x in industrial processes.
OBD-II PIDs (On-board diagnostics Parameter IDs) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool.. SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections.
In Regulations (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) 2019/631 this relationship between the specific emissions target E and the general emissions target E 0 is expressed as E = E 0 + a × (M-M 0) with the mass of the specific vehicle denoted by M and the average vehicle mass denoted by M 0 (approx. 1400 kg).
The end result of this recirculation of both exhaust gas and crankcase oil vapour is again an increase in soot production, which however is effectively countered by the DPF, which collects these and in the end will burn those unburnt particles during regeneration, converting them into CO2 and water vapour emissions, that - unlike NOx gases ...
United States Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle—Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards (for Bin 5) [4] Component Emission Rate Annual pollution emitted NMOG (Volatile organic compounds) 0.075 grams/mile (0.046 g/km) 2.1 pounds (0.95 kg) Carbon Monoxide 3.4 grams/mile (2.1 g/km) 94 pounds (43 kg) NO X
AIR Index is a British standardised motor vehicle emissions ranking system introduced in February 2019 by Allow Independent Road-testing (AIR). The objective of the system is to encourage the use of independent and meaningful motor vehicle NOx emissions tests to robustly inform consumers and policymakers of the real-world impact motor vehicles will have on urban air quality.