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He states that eternal law, or God's providence, "rules the world… his reason evidently governs the entire community in the universe.” Aquinas believes that eternal law is all God’s doing. Natural law is the participation in the eternal law by rational creatures. Natural law allows us to decide between good and evil.
[125] It is important to note the analogous nature of law in Thomas's legal philosophy. Natural law is an instance or instantiation of eternal law. Because natural law is what human beings determine according to their own nature (as rational beings), disobeying reason is disobeying natural law and eternal law.
According to Dawkins, "[t]he five 'proofs' asserted by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century don't prove anything, and are easily [...] exposed as vacuous." [ 46 ] In Why There Almost Certainly Is a God: Doubting Dawkins , philosopher Keith Ward claims that Dawkins mis-stated the five ways, and thus responds with a straw man .
The natural law, when codified and promulgated, is lex humana ... The Summa Theologiæ of St. Thomas Aquinas, translated by Fathers of the English Dominican ...
Natural law theory can also refer to "theories of ethics, theories of politics, theories of civil law, and theories of religious morality". [4] Thomas Aquinas, whose integration of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology established the foundational principles of Natural Law, influencing Western concepts of justice and ethics.
Thomas Aquinas holds that the existence of God can be demonstrated by reason, [38] a view that is taught by the Catholic Church. [39] The quinque viae (Latin: five ways ) found in the Summa Theologica ( I, Q.2, art.3 ) are five possible ways of demonstrating the existence of God, [ 40 ] which today are categorized as:
The Summa contra Gentiles [a] is one of the best-known treatises by Thomas Aquinas, written as four books between 1259 and 1265. Whereas the Summa Theologiæ was written to explain the Christian faith to theology students, the Summa contra Gentiles is more apologetic in tone.
The argument of natural laws as a basis for God was changed by Christian figures such as Thomas Aquinas, in order to fit biblical scripture and establish a Judeo-Christian teleological law. Bertrand Russell criticized the argument, arguing that many of the things considered to be laws of nature, in fact, are human conventions. [3]