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The hydroxyl radical, Lewis structure shown, contains one unpaired electron. Lewis dot structure of a Hydroxide ion compared to a hydroxyl radical. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
A free-radical reaction is any chemical reaction involving free radicals. This reaction type is abundant in organic reactions . Two pioneering studies into free radical reactions have been the discovery of the triphenylmethyl radical by Moses Gomberg (1900) and the lead-mirror experiment [ 1 ] described by Friedrich Paneth in 1927.
Large excesses of activated alkenes can be used to intercept the alkyl radical and results in formation of a C-C bond from an unactivated C-H bond. [21] In the presence of oxygen, the alkyl radical is trapped and forms an organic peroxy radical. This intermediate is trapped by the nitrosyl radical and then isomerizes to give a δ-nitrate ester ...
Radical theory is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry describing the structure of organic compounds. The theory was pioneered by Justus von Liebig , Friedrich Wöhler and Auguste Laurent around 1830 and is not related to the modern understanding of free radicals .
In organic chemistry, free-radical halogenation is a type of halogenation. This chemical reaction is typical of alkanes and alkyl-substituted aromatics under application of UV light. The reaction is used for the industrial synthesis of chloroform (CHCl 3), dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2), and hexachlorobutadiene. It proceeds by a free-radical chain ...
In chemistry, radical initiators are substances that can produce radical species under mild conditions and promote radical reactions. [1] These substances generally possess weak bonds—bonds that have small bond dissociation energies. Radical initiators are utilized in industrial processes such as polymer synthesis.
Spin Density map on phosphinyl radical found by NBO analysis. Stable and persistent phosphorus radicals are phosphorus-centred radicals that are isolable and can exist for at least short periods of time. [1] Radicals consisting of main group elements are often very reactive and undergo uncontrollable reactions, notably dimerization and ...
Organobismuth radical is a chemical species that has unpaired electrons on bismuth centers within organic frameworks. [1] These radicals are part of the broader family of pnictogen -centered radicals , which include nitrogen , phosphorus , arsenic , antimony , and bismuth . [ 2 ]