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Cebu, also called Sugbu, informally referred to as the Rajahnate of Cebu, was an Indianized mandala (polity) monarchy on the island of Cebu [3] in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors. It is known in ancient Chinese records as the nation of Sokbu (束務) or Suwu . [4]
India and the Philippines have historic ties going back over 3000 years and there are over 150,000 people of Indian origin in Philippines. [3]Iron Age finds in the Philippines also point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu in South India and the Philippine islands during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C. [4] The influence of the culture of India on the culture of the Philippines ...
Thai historian Sunait Chutintaranond made an important contribution to study of the mandala in Southeast Asian history by demonstrating that "three assumptions responsible for the view that Ayudhya was a strong centralized state" did not hold and that "in Ayudhya the hegemony of provincial governors was never successfully eliminated."
On the morning of the vísperas ("eve", i.e., the day before) held the Saturday of January, the images of Santo Niño de Cebu and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Cebú are returned to Cebu City in a fluvial procession that ends with a reenactment of the first Mass, wedding and baptism in the nation, held at the Pilgrim Center.
Philippine historiographers thus do not apply the term "Mandala" to describe early Philippine polities because doing so overemphasizes the scale of Indian influence on Philippine culture, obscuring the indigenous Austronesian cultural connections to the peoples of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.
The Indian influences in early Philippine polities, particularly the influence of the Srivijaya and Majapahit thalassocracies on cultural development, is a significant area of research for scholars of Philippine, Indonesian, and Southeast Asian history, [1] and is believed to be the source of Hindu and Buddhist elements in early Philippine culture, religion, and language.
The artwork is a tableau depicting several of Cebu's involvement in Philippine history including the Battle of Mactan, inauguration of Sergio Osmeña as President of the Philippines, and the canonization of Pedro Calungsod as saint by the Roman Catholic Church. [3] It consists of a mixture of concrete, bronze, brass and steel sculptures. [2]
The Agusan image (commonly referred to in the Philippines as the Golden Tara in allusion to its supposed, but disputed, [1] identity as an image of a Buddhist Tara) is a 2 kg (4.4 lb), [2] 21-karat gold statuette, found in 1917 on the banks of the Wawa River near Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Mindanao in the Philippines, [3] dating to the 9th–10th centuries.