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Xenobiotic metabolism is divided into three phases. In phase I, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics. These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. These reactions are catalysed by transferase enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases.
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug ...
[2] [3] In medicine, detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion and the use of antidotes as well as techniques such as dialysis and (in a limited number of cases) chelation therapy. [4] Many alternative medicine practitioners promote various types of detoxification such as detoxification diets.
The typical treatment of alcohol withdrawal is with benzodiazepines such as chlordiazepoxide or diazepam. [2] Often the amounts given are based on a person's symptoms. [2] Thiamine is recommended routinely. [2] Electrolyte problems and low blood sugar should also be treated. [2] Early treatment improves outcomes. [2]
It is a phase II detoxification enzyme which can carry out two or four electron reductions of quinones. Its mechanism of reduction is through a ping-pong mechanism involving its FAD cofactor. Initially in a reductive phase NQO2 binds to reduced dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) electron donor, and mediates a hydride transfer from NRH to FAD.
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, are a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification.