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Stress-induced condensation occurs by a non-random, zipper-like convergence of sister chromosomes. This convergence appears to depend on the ability of identical double-stranded DNA molecules to specifically identify each other, a process that culminates in the proximity of homologous sites along the paired chromosomes.
The hierarchical folding model of chromosome condensation. Premature chromosome condensation (PCC), also known as premature mitosis, occurs in eukaryotic organisms when mitotic cells fuse with interphase cells. [1] Chromatin, a substance that contains genetic material such as DNA, is normally found in a loose bundle inside a cell's nucleus.
The main events of prophase are: the condensation of chromosomes, ... In humans, an average of 2-3 events occur on each chromosome. [13]: 681 ...
The S10 phosphorylation is involved in mitosis, transcription, chromatin condensation, and UVB response. [1] H3S10p causes chromosome condensation and segregation during cell mitosis. [ 2 ] H3S10p temporarily increases during mitosis while H3K9me3 decreases and H3K9me3 recovers upon mitotic exit.
During the leptotene stage, the duplicated chromosomes - each consisting of two sister chromatids - condense from diffuse chromatin into long, thin strands that are more visible within the nucleoplasm (nucleus contents). The chromosomes become visible as thin threadlike structures known as leptonema under a light microscope. [1]: 27 [2]: 353
In mcph1 patient cells, condensin II (but not condensin I) is hyperactivated, leading to premature chromosome condensation in G2 phase (i.e., before entering mitosis). [104] There is no evidence, however, that misregulation of condensin II is directly related to the etiology of mcph1 microcephaly.
The outcome can be activation of transcription or repression of a gene. For example, the combination of acetylation and phosphorylation have synergistic effects on the chromosomes overall structural condensation level and, hence, induces transcription activation of immediate early gene. [22]
The chromosomes reach their highest level of condensation during pachytene. Each chromosome consists of two closely associated sister chromatids along their entire length. The chromosomes appear as distinct, well-defined threadlike structures under the microscope.