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An overline, overscore, or overbar, is a typographical feature of a horizontal line drawn immediately above the text. In old mathematical notation, an overline was called a vinculum, a notation for grouping symbols which is expressed in modern notation by parentheses, though it persists for symbols under a radical sign.
A macron (/ ˈ m æ k r ɒ n, ˈ m eɪ-/ MAK-ron, MAY-) is a diacritical mark: it is a straight bar ¯ placed above a letter, usually a vowel.Its name derives from Ancient Greek μακρόν (makrón) 'long' because it was originally used to mark long or heavy syllables in Greco-Roman metrics.
Circled Latin capital letter C ¤ Currency sign: Square lozenge ("Pillow") various Currency symbols † ‡ Dagger: Obelus: Footnotes, Latin cross – — Dash: Hyphen, Hyphen-minus, minus sign: Em dash, En dash ° Degree sign: Masculine ordinal indicator * * * Dinkus: Asterism, Fleuron, Dingbat (many) Dingbat: Dinkus, Fleuron ⌀ Diameter
In the following, the quantity + is the whole radicand, and thus has a vinculum over it: a b + 2 n . {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{n}]{ab+2}}.} In 1637 Descartes was the first to unite the German radical sign √ with the vinculum to create the radical symbol in common use today.
For uppercase H, the extra bar is written slightly above the usual bar. For lowercase H, the extra bar is written crossing the vertical, like a t, and not touching the lower part (Ħ, ħ). The above characters are considered separate letters. The letter 'c' without a dot has fallen out of use due to redundancy.
Many early video terminals and dot-matrix printers rendered the vertical bar character as the allograph broken bar ¦. This may have been to distinguish the character from the lower-case 'L' and the upper-case ' I ' on these limited-resolution devices, and to make a vertical line of them look more like a horizontal line of dashes.
However, in ISO 9, the corresponding modifier letters are used instead. Originally, X-bar theory used a bar over syntactic units to indicate bar-levels in syntactic structure, generally rendered as an overbar. While easy to write, the bar notation proved difficult to typeset, leading to the adoption of the prime symbol to indicate a bar.
In logic, a set of symbols is commonly used to express logical representation. The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics.