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2. Zener diode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode

   For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V exhibits a voltage drop of very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents. The Zener diode is therefore well suited for applications such as the generation of a reference voltage (e.g. for an amplifier stage), or as a voltage stabilizer for low-current applications. [2]

3. Noise generator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_generator

   Zener diode based noise source. A noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (i.e., a random signal). Noise generators are used to test signals for measuring noise figure, frequency response, and other parameters.

4. Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

   Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose. Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode, Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available.

5. LED lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp

   A 230-volt LED filament lamp, with an E27 base. The filaments are visible as the eight yellow vertical lines. An assortment of LED lamps commercially available in 2010: floodlight fixtures (left), reading light (center), household lamps (center right and bottom), and low-power accent light (right) applications An 80W Chips on board (COB) LED module from an industrial light luminaire, thermally ...

6. SMD LED - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMD_LED

   The light from white LED lamps and LED strip lights is usually provided by industry standard surface-mounted device LEDs (SMD LEDs). [2] Non-SMD types of LED lighting also exist, such as COB (chip on board) and MCOB (multi-COB). Surface-mounted device LED modules are described by the dimensions of the LED package. A single multicolor module may ...

7. Zener effect - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect

   In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...