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For example, a baud rate of 1 kBd = 1,000 Bd is synonymous to a symbol rate of 1,000 symbols per second. In case of a modem, this corresponds to 1,000 tones per second, and in case of a line code, this corresponds to 1,000 pulses per second. The symbol duration time is 1/1,000 second = 1 millisecond.
Before the development and adoption of the POCSAG code, pagers used one of several codes such as binary Golay code. In the 1990s new paging codes were developed that offered higher data transmission rates and other advanced features such as European and network roaming. The POCSAG code originally transmitted at 512 bits per second.
A special case of constant weight codes are the one-of-N codes, that encode bits in a code-word of bits. The one-of-two code uses the code words 01 and 10 to encode the bits '0' and '1'. A one-of-four code can use the words 0001, 0010, 0100, 1000 in order to encode two bits 00, 01, 10, and 11.
Units are represented in UCUM with reference to a set of seven base units. [5] The UCUM base units are the metre for measurement of length, the second for time, the gram for mass, the coulomb for charge, the kelvin for temperature, the candela for luminous intensity, and the radian for plane angle.
Generally run length is the number of bits for which signal remains unchanged. A run length of 3 for bit 1, represents a sequence 111. For instance, the pattern of magnetic polarizations on the disk might be +−−−−++−−−+++++, with runs of length 1, 4, 2, 3, and 6.
In a binary direct-sequence system, each chip is typically a rectangular pulse of +1 or −1 amplitude, which is multiplied by a data sequence (similarly +1 or −1 representing the message bits) and by a carrier waveform to make the transmitted signal. The chips are therefore just the bit sequence out of the code generator; they are called ...
Beginning with the single-bit code "1", valid varicode values may be formed by prefixing a "1" or "10" to a shorter code. Thus, the number of codes of length n is equal to the Fibonacci number F n. Varicode uses the 88 values of lengths up to 9 bits, and 40 of the 55 codes of length 10. As transmitted, the codes are two bits longer due to the ...
A pseudo-noise code (PN code) or pseudo-random-noise code (PRN code) is one that has a spectrum similar to a random sequence of bits but is deterministically generated. The most commonly used sequences in direct-sequence spread spectrum systems are maximal length sequences , Gold codes , Kasami codes , and Barker codes .