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The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
Early written Arabic used only rasm (in black). Later Arabic added i‘jām diacritics (examples in red) so that homographic consonants, for example these two letters ص ض, could be distinguished. Short vowels are indicated by harakat diacritics (examples in blue) which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic.
For example, the Arabic letters ب b, ت t, and ث th have the same basic shape, but with one dot added below, two dots added above, and three dots added above respectively. The letter ن n also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot added above, though it is somewhat different in its isolated and final forms.
"Arabic" = Letters used in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and most regional dialects. "Farsi" = Letters used in modern Persian. FW = Foreign words: the letter is sometimes used to spell foreign words. SV = Stylistic variant: the letter is used interchangeably with at least one other letter depending on the calligraphic style.
Middle Eastern Arabic for foreign words Kurdish, Khwarazmian, early Persian, Jawi U+06A5 ڥ Arabic Letter Feh With Three Dots Below North African Arabic for foreign words U+06A6 ڦ Arabic Letter Peheh Sindhi U+06A7 ڧ Arabic Letter Qaf With Dot Above Maghrib Arabic, Uyghur U+06A8 ڨ Arabic Letter Qaf With Three Dots Above
The nuqta, and the phonological distinction it represents, is sometimes ignored in practice; e.g., क़िला qilā being simply spelled as किला kilā.In the text Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity, Manisha Kulshreshtha and Ramkumar Mathur write, "A few sounds, borrowed from the other languages like Persian and Arabic, are written with a dot (bindu or nuqtā).
Arabic has a nonconcatenative "root-and-pattern" morphology: A root consists of a set of bare consonants (usually three), which are fitted into a discontinuous pattern to form words. For example, the word for 'I wrote' is constructed by combining the root k-t-b 'write' with the pattern -a-a-tu 'I Xed' to form katabtu 'I wrote'.
The standard practice in Egypt (for Literary and Egyptian Arabic), [1] as in coastal Yemen and southwestern and eastern Oman, is to use ǧīm (ج ) for /g/, while in Arabic dialects like Algerian Arabic, Hejazi Arabic and Najdi Arabic it is qāf (ق ), so the name gāf can be used for the letter when trying to explain a pronunciation or a spelling of a word, whether the word is foreign ...