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The subscapularis is covered by a dense fascia which attaches to the scapula at the margins of the subscapularis' attachment (origin) on the scapula. [1] The muscle's fibers pass laterally from its origin before coalescing into a tendon of insertion. [citation needed] The tendon intermingles with the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint capsule. [1]
Biceps muscle. The rotator cuff (SITS muscles) is a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the human shoulder and allow for its extensive range of motion. Of the seven scapulohumeral muscles, four make up the rotator cuff. The four muscles are: supraspinatus muscle; infraspinatus muscle; teres minor muscle; subscapularis muscle.
Hawkins–Kennedy test: a positive test indicates shoulder impingement syndrome; Empty beer can test: a positive test indicates rotator cuff tear, specifically, supraspinatus muscle tear; Drop arm test: a positive test indicates a supraspinatus tear; External Rotation test: a positive test indicates an infraspinatus or teres minor tear
Snapping (grating) scapula . Snapping scapula syndrome, also known as scapulocostal syndrome or scapulothoracic syndrome, is described by a "grating, grinding, popping or snapping sensation of the scapula onto the back side of the ribs or thoracic area of the spine" (Hauser).
subscapularis muscle. [2] It usually gives 4 branches to innervate the subscapularis, and can give up to 8 branches. [1] teres major muscle. [2] [3] Function.
Ultrasonography, arthrography and MRI can be used to detect rotator cuff muscle pathology. MRI is the best imaging test prior to arthroscopic surgery. [2] Due to lack of understanding of the pathoaetiology, and lack of diagnostic accuracy in the assessment process by many physicians, [19] several opinions are recommended before intervention.
The middle subscapular nerve, known as the thoracodorsal nerve, innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle. [1] The lower subscapular nerve contains two branches. One branch inserts into the lower portion of the subscapularis muscle and the other branch inserts into the teres major.
Together, these keep the humeral head in the glenoid cavity, preventing upward migration of the humeral head caused by the pull of the deltoid muscle at the beginning of arm elevation. The infraspinatus and the teres minor, along with the anterior fibers of the deltoid muscle, are responsible for external rotation of the arm. [6]