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A three-way catalytic converter on a gasoline-powered 1996 Dodge Ram Simulation of flow inside a catalytic converter. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.
YugoCars had intended to fit their Yugo 45 with the 903-cc, 45-horsepower four-cylinder engine with a three-way catalytic converter and oxygen sensor for emissions control. Predicted gas mileage was 42 to 45 miles per US gallon (5.6 to 5.2 L/100 km; 50 to 54 mpg ‑imp) at 70 miles per hour (110 km/h). In late 1983, Zastava added a version ...
In catalytic converters used on automobiles, the combustion of leaded gasoline produces elemental lead, lead(II) oxide, lead(II) chloride, and lead(II) bromide. Lead alloys with the metals present in the catalyst, while lead oxides and halides coat the catalyst's surfaces, reducing the converter's ability to reduce NOx emissions.
[11] [14] The codes on catalytic converters identify the make, model and place of origin of catalytic converters, which in turn identify their value, due to variation in state emission laws. [ 11 ] [ 18 ] As an example, GD3 EA6 denotes a Toyota Prius manufactured between 2004 and 2009; [ 11 ] [ 14 ] at the peak of the PRP metal prices, its high ...
up to 35% exhaust gas recirculation, NOx storage-type catalytic converter engine management Bosch Motronic MED 7 DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes & applications 81 kW (110 PS; 109 bhp) at 5,800 rpm; 155 N⋅m (114 lbf⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm — BAD: Audi A2, Volkswagen Golf Mk4, Volkswagen Bora, Volkswagen Jetta Mk4
An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.
The unit is then checked, but no anomaly is detected by the maintainer. Consequently, the unit is returned to service with no repair performed. [1] [2] [3] If there is an underlying fault that has not been detected the unit may be returned for repair several times with no fault identified. Alternative descriptors include: [4] No fault found (NFF)
In addition to Car and Driver's change of heart some have numbered the XR4Ti among the 10 worst cars ever made, and "not (Ford's) finest hour". [30] [31] On the other hand, other articles have called it one of the 10 best forgotten cars, and a car that had unfairly received a bad reputation. [32] [33]