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The WFEs stand in some opposition to another type of back exercises, devised by Robin McKenzie and known as the "McKenzie extension exercises", which involve the opposite motion of extending the spine backwards. One review stated that "Perhaps no two methods of physical therapy treatment for low back pain are so contradictory in both theory and ...
The McKenzie method is a technique primarily used in physical therapy.It was developed in the late 1950s by New Zealand physiotherapist Robin McKenzie. [1] [2] [3] In 1981 he launched the concept which he called "Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT)" – a system encompassing assessment, diagnosis and treatment for the spine and extremities.
Exercise plus joint manipulation has been found to be beneficial in both acute and chronic mechanical neck disorders. [14] In particular, specific strengthening exercise may improve function and pain. [15] Motor control using cranio-cervical flexion exercises has been shown to be effective for non-specific chronic neck pain. [16]
The erector spinae (/ ɪ ˈ r ɛ k t ər ˈ s p aɪ n i / irr-EK-tər SPY-nee) [1] or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. The spinal erectors work together with the glutes ( gluteus maximus , gluteus medius and gluteus minimus ) to maintain stable posture standing or sitting .
Non-radicular back pain is most commonly caused by injury to the spinal muscles or ligaments, degenerative spinal disease or a herniated disc. [11] Disc herniation and foraminal stenosis are the most common causes of radiculopathy. [11] Imaging of the spine and laboratory tests is not recommended during the acute phase. [19]
Cervical spinal stenosis is one of the most common forms of spinal stenosis, along with lumbar spinal stenosis (which occurs at the level of the lower back instead of the neck). Thoracic spinal stenosis, at the level of the mid-back, is much less common. [2] Cervical spinal stenosis can be far more dangerous by compressing the spinal cord.
Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing low back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica .
Neurologic signs result from severe angulation of the spine, narrowing of the spinal canal, instability of the spine, and luxation or fracture of the vertebrae. Signs include rear limb weakness or paralysis, urinary or fecal incontinence, and spinal pain. [5] Most cases of hemivertebrae have no or mild symptoms, so treatment is usually ...