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We Do Language: English Language Variation in the Secondary English Classroom. Teachers College Press Multicultural Education Series. [27] Charity Hudley, Anne H. and Christine Mallinson. (2010.) Understanding English Language Variation in U.S. Schools. Teachers College Press Multicultural Education Series. [28]
Variation is a characteristic of language: there is more than one way of saying the same thing in a given language. Variation can exist in domains such as pronunciation (e.g., more than one way of pronouncing the same phoneme or the same word), lexicon (e.g., multiple words with the same meaning), grammar (e.g., different syntactic constructions expressing the same grammatical function), and ...
This finding has been confirmed by research in numerous contexts. A widely cited example is the difficulty faced by Navajo children in learning English as a second language. [citation needed] Other common social factors include the attitude of parents toward language study, and the nature of group dynamics in the language classroom ...
Style-shifting is a manifestation of intraspeaker (within-speaker) variation, in contrast with interspeaker (between-speakers) variation. It is a voluntary act which an individual effects in order to respond to or initiate changes in sociolinguistic situation (e.g., interlocutor-related, setting-related, topic-related).
Systematic variation is brought about by changes in linguistic, psychological, and social context. Linguistic factors are usually local; for example, a learner in an earlier stage of acquisition will often systematically vary the correct tense. [8] They may say "Last year we travel to the ocean", rather than "Last year we travelled to the ocean."
Classroom instruction can be useful in both providing appropriate input for second-language learners, and for helping them overcome problems of fossilisation. [ 9 ] Research on bilingual education programs such as Structured English Immersion classes showed that students in these classes acquire skills equivalent to those of children in English ...
A fused lect is identical to a mixed language in terms of semantics and pragmatics, but fused lects allow less variation since they are fully grammaticalized. In other words, there are grammatical structures of the fused lect that determine which source-language elements may occur. [11] A mixed language is different from a creole language.
In sociolinguistics, a register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or particular communicative situation. For example, when speaking officially or in a public setting, an English speaker may be more likely to follow prescriptive norms for formal usage than in a casual setting, for example, by pronouncing words ending in -ing with a velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal ...