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Both of these factors lead to obstruction or compression of the submucosal ducts of the esophagus, leading to the formation of the pseudodiverticulae. [1] Autopsy specimens of individuals with esophageal intramucosal pseudodiverticulosis have confirmed that the flask-like openings are indeed dilated submucosal glands. [ 3 ]
Dilated submucosal veins are the most prominent histologic feature of esophageal varices. The expansion of the submucosa leads to elevation of the mucosa above the surrounding tissue, which is apparent during endoscopy and is a key diagnostic feature. Evidence of recent variceal hemorrhage includes necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa.
Intestinal varices are dilated submucosal veins in the intestine. [ citation needed ] One treatment includes a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt . [ 1 ]
The pathophysiology of cranial venous outflow obstruction involves the disruption of normal venous drainage from the brain. Cerebral veins play a crucial role in draining brain interstitial fluid (ISF), and their significance has been linked in various neurological conditions. [1] It can be caused by extrinsic or intrinsic anomalies. [7]
Gastric varices are dilated submucosal veins in the lining of the stomach, which can be a life-threatening cause of bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.They are most commonly found in patients with portal hypertension, or elevated pressure in the portal vein system, which may be a complication of cirrhosis.
DVA can be characterized by the caput medusae sign of veins, which drains into a larger vein. The drains will either drain into a dural venous sinus or into a deep ependymal vein. It appears to look like a palm tree. [1]
Bleeding in the stomach and intestines, edema, dilated blood vessels Gastric antral vascular ectasia ( GAVE ) is an uncommon cause of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding or iron deficiency anemia . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The condition is associated with dilated small blood vessels in the gastric antrum , which is a distal part of the stomach . [ 1 ]
A cerebral AVM is an abnormal anastomosis (connection) between the arteries and veins in the brain due to the lack of a capillary bed, and are most commonly of prenatal origin. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] In normal cerebral circulation , oxygen-enriched blood from the heart travels in sequence through smaller blood vessels going from arteries, to arterioles ...