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Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique that separates components in non-volatile mixtures. [ 1 ] It is performed on a TLC plate made up of a non-reactive solid coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material. [ 2 ]
Around 90% of all pharmaceutical separations are performed on normal phase silica gel; however, other stationary phases such as alumina can be used for samples with dissociating compounds and cellulose for ionic compounds. [4] The reverse-phase HPTLC method (similar methodology to reverse-phase TLC) is used for compounds with high polarity.
The ICSE Examination is a school examination and the standard of the examination pre-supposes a school course of ten years duration (Classes I-X). The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Examination will ensure a general education and all candidates are required to enter for six or more subjects and Socially Useful Productive Work (SUPW).
The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) [1] is a non-governmental privately held national-level [2] [3] board of school education in India that conducts the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) Examination for Class X and the Indian School Certificate (ISC) for Class XII. [4]
It is widely used in analytical chemistry; though the high temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for high molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat denatures them), frequently encountered in biochemistry, it is well suited for use in the petrochemical, environmental monitoring and remediation, and industrial chemical fields. It is ...
For example, if a compound travels 9.9 cm and the solvent front travels 12.7 cm, the R ƒ value = (9.9/12.7) = 0.779 or 0.78. R ƒ value depends on temperature and the solvent used in experiment, so several solvents offer several R ƒ values for the same mixture of compound. A solvent in chromatography is the liquid the paper is placed in, and ...
Refining is used primarily in the petroleum industry, whereby crude oil is heated and separated into stages according to the condensation points of the various elements. Distillation, widely used in petroleum refining and in purification of ethanol separates volatile liquids on the basis of their relative volatilities. There are several type of ...
In 2020, it was announced that Google's AlphaFold, a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence, is capable of predicting a protein's final shape based solely on its amino-acid chain with an accuracy of around 90% on a test sample of proteins used by the team.