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Analysis of the World Values Survey data by Inglehart and Welzel asserts that there are two major dimensions of cross-cultural variation in the world: x-axis: Survival values versus self-expression values; y-axis: Traditional values versus secular–rational values. [2] The map is a chart in which countries are positioned based on their scores ...
The term individualistic culture was first used in the 1980s by Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede to describe countries and cultures that are not collectivist; Hofstede created the term individualistic culture when he created a measurement for the five dimensions of cultural values. [2] People in individualistic cultures see each other ...
In 2010, the scores for this dimension were extended to 93 countries thanks to the research of Michael Minkov, who used data from the recent World Values Survey. [7] Further research has refined some of the original dimensions, and introduced the difference between country-level and individual-level data in analysis.
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values orientation theory (put forward in 1961) proposes that all human societies must answer a limited number of universal problems, that the value-based solutions are limited in number and universally known, but that different cultures have different preferences among them.
This is explained as individualistic countries being typically focused on an individual and their desires, where power status has a less significant role, and collectivist countries focusing on the collective good. [58] Hofstede found that individualism, collectivism, and power distance are greatly correlated to a nation's wealth. [59]
Individualism refers to people regarding themselves as individuals, while communitarianism refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group. Trompenaars research yielded some interesting results and suggested that cultures may change more quickly than many people realize.
Cultural globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. [1] This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet , popular culture media, and international travel .
Survival values are characteristic for eastern-world countries and self-expression values for western-world countries. In a liberal post-industrial economy , an increasing share of the population has grown up taking survival and freedom of thought for granted, resulting in that self-expression is highly valued.