Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
The polysystem theory, a theory in translation studies, implies using polyvalent factors as an instrument for explaining the complexity of culture within a single community and between communities. Analyzing sets of relations in literature and language, it gradually shifted towards a more complex analysis of socio-cultural systems .
His most important contribution is in comparative literary studies and translation studies in particular. Drawing upon the notions of polysystem theorists like Itamar Even-Zohar, he theorized translation as a form of rewriting produced and read with a set of ideological and political constraints within the target language cultural system.
NMT systems overcome this by not having a hard cut-off after a fixed number of tokens and by using attention to choosing which tokens to focus on when generating the next token. [37]: 900–901 End-to-end training of a single model improved translation performance and also simplified the whole process. [citation needed]
In certain applications, however, e.g., product descriptions written in a controlled language, a dictionary-based machine-translation system has produced satisfactory translations that require no human intervention save for quality inspection. [65] There are various means for evaluating the output quality of machine translation systems.
Using this new approach, he constructed a research program that dealt with literary systems rather than texts, which in the 1980s and early 1990s was considered a breakthrough in literary studies and laid the ground for new schools in literary and translation studies (e.g., the Tel Aviv School, the Leuven School). It allowed researchers to ...
Another discovery in translation theory can be dated from 1984 in Europe and the publication of two books in German: Foundation for a General Theory of Translation by Katharina Reiss (also written Reiß) and Hans Vermeer, [12] and Translatorial Action (Translatorisches Handeln) by Justa Holz-Mänttäri. [13]
By 2020, the system had been replaced by another deep learning system based on a Transformer encoder and an RNN decoder. [10] GNMT improved on the quality of translation by applying an example-based (EBMT) machine translation method in which the system learns from millions of examples of language translation. [2]
Systems theory as societal theory; Communication theory and; Evolution theory; The core element of Luhmann's theory pivots around the problem of the contingency of meaning, and thereby it becomes a theory of communication. Social systems are systems of communication, and society is the most encompassing social system.