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The term benchmark, bench mark, or survey benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an angle iron could be placed to form a "bench" for a leveling rod, thus ensuring that a leveling rod could be accurately repositioned in the same place in the future.
The journal was established in 2013 and the co-editors-in-chief are Emily Berg (Iowa State University) and Brad Edwards (Westat) since July 2024. [2] The journal is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research and American Statistical Association. [3]
National survey departments of each country determine RLs of significantly important locations or points. These points are called permanent benchmarks and this survey process is known as Great Trigonometrical Surveying (GTS). The permanent benchmarks act as reference points for determining RLs of other locations in a particular country. [4] [5 ...
The Journal of Surveying Engineering is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It covers traditional areas of surveying and mapping , as well as new developments such as satellite positioning and navigation, computer applications, and digital mapping.
Survey markers, also called survey marks, survey monuments, or geodetic marks, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the Earth's surface. They are used in geodetic and land surveying . A benchmark is a type of survey marker that indicates elevation ( vertical position ).
After careful setup of the level, the height of the crosshairs is determined by either sighting from a known benchmark with known height determined by a previous survey or an arbitrary point with an assumed height is used. Sighting is done with an assistant surveyor who holds a graduated staff vertical at the point under measurement. The ...
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The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) was an American professional association representing the interests of those engaged in measuring and communicating geospatial data. [1] Originally, it was composed of four organizations: American Association for Geodetic Surveying (AAGS) National Society of Professional Surveyors (NSPS)