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Values from CRC are ionization energies given in the unit eV; other values are molar ionization energies given in the unit kJ/mol.The first of these quantities is used in atomic physics, the second in chemistry, but both refer to the same basic property of the element.
The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1. (for predictions) Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties".
It is common in electrochemistry and solid-state physics to discuss both the chemical potential and the electrochemical potential of the electrons.However, in the two fields, the definitions of these two terms are sometimes swapped.
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently (as of 2024) in its 105th edition, published in 2024. It is known colloquially among chemists as the "Rubber Bible", as CRC originally stood for "Chemical Rubber Company". [2]
2×10 −23 J: Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin [6] [7] 10 −22 2–3000×10 −22 J Energy of infrared light photons [8] 10 −21: zepto-(zJ) 1.7×10 −21 J 1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule [9] 2.1×10 ...
ε 0 is the permittivity of free space, equal to 8.854 × 10 −12 C 2 J −1 m −1; r 0 is the nearest-neighbor distance between ions; and n is the Born exponent (a number between 5 and 12, determined experimentally by measuring the compressibility of the solid, or derived theoretically).
[1] [2] For example, the Gibbs free energy of a compound in the area of thermochemistry is often quantified in units of kilojoules per mole (symbol: kJ·mol −1 or kJ/mol), with 1 kilojoule = 1000 joules. [3] Physical quantities measured in J·mol −1 usually describe quantities of energy transferred during phase transformations or chemical ...
The strength of a bond can be estimated by comparing the atomic radii of the atoms that form the bond to the length of bond itself. For example, the atomic radius of boron is estimated at 85 pm, [10] while the length of the B–B bond in B 2 Cl 4 is 175 pm. [11] Dividing the length of this bond by the sum of each boron atom's radius gives a ratio of