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John Horse, Black Seminole leader. John Horse (c. 1812–1882), [1] also known as Juan Caballo, Juan Cavallo, John Cowaya (with spelling variations) and Gopher John, [2] was a man of mixed African and Seminole ancestry who fought alongside the Seminoles in the Second Seminole War in Florida.
The black Seminole culture that took shape after 1800 was a dynamic mixture of African, Native American, Spanish, and slave traditions. Adopting certain practices of the Native Americans, maroons wore Seminole clothing and ate the same foodstuffs prepared the same way: they gathered the roots of a native plant called coontie, grinding, soaking, and straining them to make a starchy flour ...
There they were welcomed by the Mexicans and later joined by native Seminoles, Black Creeks and Black Cherokees. In 1870, the United States Army issued a message to the Black Seminoles' chief, John Horse , inviting him and his band to come back to the United States to enlist as Indian scouts and help fight hostile Native Americans; in exchange ...
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John Caesar (c. 1770s? – January 17, 1837) was a Black Seminole lieutenant and interpreter to Ee-mat-la, hereditary chief of the St. Johns River Seminoles in Florida. In Joshua Giddings' history of the wars against the Seminole, Caesar was described as "an old man and somewhat of a privileged character among both Indians and Exiles."
An 1858 depiction of John Horse, also known as Juan Caballo. After the forced relocation of the Seminoles and Black Seminoles from Florida to Indian Territory, a group led by Seminole sub-chief Wild Cat and Black Seminole chief John Horse moved to northern Mexico. [2] The group settled at El Nacimiento in 1852. [3]
Sugar plantations along the Atlantic coast south of St. Augustine were destroyed, with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles. [79] [full citation needed] Other war chiefs such as Halleck Tustenuggee, Jumper, and Black Seminoles Abraham and John Horse continued the Seminole resistance against the army. The war ended, after ...
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