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The ball screw was invented independently by H.M. Stevenson and D. Glenn who were issued in 1898 patents 601,451 and 610,044 respectively. Early precise screwshafts were produced by starting with a low-precision screwshaft, and then lapping the shaft with several spring-loaded nut laps [citation needed].
Screw theory is the algebraic calculation of pairs of vectors, also known as dual vectors [1] – such as angular and linear velocity, or forces and moments – that arise in the kinematics and dynamics of rigid bodies.
A leadscrew (or lead screw), also known as a power screw [1] or translation screw, [2] is a screw used as a linkage in a machine, to translate turning motion into linear motion. Because of the large area of sliding contact between their male and female members, screw threads have larger frictional energy losses compared to other linkages.
A screw axis is associated with each pair of vectors in the algebra of screws, also known as screw theory. [3] The spatial movement of a body can be represented by a continuous set of displacements. Because each of these displacements has a screw axis, the movement has an associated ruled surface known as a screw surface.
Animation showing the operation of a screw. As the screw shaft rotates, the nut moves linearly along the shaft. This is a type called a lead screw. A machine used in schools to demonstrate the action of a screw, from 1912. It consists of a threaded shaft through a threaded hole in a stationary mount.
Cutting a single helical groove into a screw-stock cylinder yields what is referred to as a single-thread screw. Similarly, one may construct a double-thread screw provided that the helix angle of the two cuts is the same, and that the second cut is positioned in the uncut material between the grooves of the first.
Where L e is the thread engagement length, A t is the tensile stress area, D is the major diameter of the screw, and p is the pitch. This equation only holds true if the screw and female thread materials are the same. If they are not the same, then the following equations can be used to determine the additional thread length that is required: [14]
Definition of lead per ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 Definition of lead angle per ANSI/AGMA 1012-G05 Depiction of the lead angle of a screw thread. d m is the mean diameter of the screw thread. Lead is the axial advance of a helix or screw during one complete turn (360°) [ 1 ] The lead for a screw thread is the axial travel for a single revolution.
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