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Collection implementations in pre-JDK 1.2 versions of the Java platform included few data structure classes, but did not contain a collections framework. [4] The standard methods for grouping Java objects were via the array, the Vector, and the Hashtable classes, which unfortunately were not easy to extend, and did not implement a standard member interface.
Implementations of List like Array List and Linked List all generally have clone() methods, but it is inconvenient and bad abstraction to carry around the class type of an object. Another way to copy objects in Java is to serialize them through the Serializable interface.
The algorithm has O(1) amortized performance when appending a series of objects to the end of a hashed array tree. In a 1999 paper, [ 18 ] Brodnik et al. describe a tiered dynamic array data structure, which wastes only n 1/2 space for n elements at any point in time, and they prove a lower bound showing that any dynamic array must waste this ...
More formally speaking, objects with generic type in Java are non-reifiable types. [6] A non-reifiable type is type whose representation at run-time has less information than its representation at compile-time. [6] Objects with generic type in Java are non-reifiable due to type erasure. [6] Java only enforces type information at compile-time.
In the Java programming language, the wildcard? is a special kind of type argument [1] that controls the type safety of the use of generic (parameterized) types. [2] It can be used in variable declarations and instantiations as well as in method definitions, but not in the definition of a generic type.
In Java, is-a relation between the type parameters of one class or interface and the type parameters of another are determined by the extends and implements clauses. Using the Collections classes, ArrayList<E> implements List<E>, and List<E> extends Collection<E>. So ArrayList<String> is a subtype of List<String>, which is a subtype of ...
In object-oriented languages, an iterator, even if implicit, is often used as the means of traversal. The foreach statement in some languages has some defined order, processing each item in the collection from the first to the last.
clone() is a method in the Java programming language for object duplication. In Java, objects are manipulated through reference variables, and there is no operator for copying an object—the assignment operator duplicates the reference, not the object. The clone() method provides this missing functionality.