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Trivial topology; Cofinite topology; Finer topology; Product topology. Restricted product; Quotient space; Unit interval; Continuum (topology) Extended real number line; Long line (topology) Sierpinski space; Cantor set, Cantor space, Cantor cube; Space-filling curve; Topologist's sine curve; Uniform norm; Weak topology; Strong topology ...
The term topology was introduced by Johann Benedict Listing in the 19th century, although it was not until the first decades of the 20th century that the idea of a topological space was developed. This is a list of topology topics. See also: Topology glossary; List of topologies; List of general topology topics; List of geometric topology topics
The following is a list of named topologies or topological spaces, many of which are counterexamples in topology and related branches of mathematics. This is not a list of properties that a topology or topological space might possess; for that, see List of general topology topics and Topological property.
Set-theoretic topology is a subject that combines set theory and general topology. It focuses on topological questions that are independent of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC). A famous problem is the normal Moore space question, a question in general topology that was the subject of intense research. The answer to the normal Moore space ...
In the field of geometric topology, a two-dimensional sphere is characterized by the fact that it is the only closed and simply-connected two-dimensional surface. In 1904, Henri Poincaré posed the question of whether an analogous statement holds true for three-dimensional shapes. This came to be known as the Poincaré conjecture, the precise ...
A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...
These are examples of cardinal functions, a topic in set-theoretic topology. In mathematics, set-theoretic topology is a subject that combines set theory and general topology. It focuses on topological questions that can be solved using set-theoretic methods, for example, Suslin's problem.
The finest topology on X is the discrete topology; this topology makes all subsets open. The coarsest topology on X is the trivial topology; this topology only admits the empty set and the whole space as open sets. In function spaces and spaces of measures there are often a number of possible topologies.