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Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common long-term complication of herpes zoster, and occurs in approximately 20% of patients with shingles. [2] Risk factors for PHN include older age, severe prodrome or rash, severe acute zoster pain, ophthalmic involvement, immunosuppression, and chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and lupus. [1]
After it subsides, it stays dormant in nerve cells in the body. It may reactivate under conditions of physiological stress or if the immune system is suppressed in any way (for example during an illness or undergoing chemotherapy), resulting in herpes zoster , also known as shingles or Ramsay Hunt syndrome when facial paralysis in involved.
Although initial infections with VZV during pregnancy, causing chickenpox, may lead to infection of the fetus and complications in the newborn, chronic infection or reactivation in shingles are not associated with fetal infection. [72] [73] There is a slightly increased risk of developing cancer after a shingles episode.
Complications may include visual impairment, increased pressure within the eye, chronic pain, [1] [2] [3] and stroke. [4] The underlying mechanism involves a reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) within the trigeminal ganglion supplying the ophthalmic nerve (the first division of the trigeminal nerve).
These nerve injuries are more difficult to treat and generally have a poorer outcome. In addition, associated injuries, like injury to bone, muscle and skin, can make nerve recovery more difficult. [13] The level of injury: After a nerve is repaired, the regenerating nerve endings must grow all the way to their target. For example, a nerve ...
The subsequent regeneration or nerve sprouting leads to abnormal sweating and salivation. It can also include discharge from the nose when smelling certain food. Rarely, Frey's syndrome can result from causes other than surgery, including accidental trauma, local infections, sympathetic dysfunction, and pathologic lesions within the parotid ...
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