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According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating. [4] The high purchase price of a heat pump vs resistance heaters may be offset when air conditioning is also needed.
Some food processing equipment may make use of Joule heating: running a current through food material (which behave as an electrical resistor) causes heat release inside the food. [2] The alternating electrical current coupled with the resistance of the food causes the generation of heat. [3] A higher resistance increases the heat generated.
Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux at the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid-state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other, with consumption of electrical energy, depending on the direction of the current.
Specifically, the heat pump transfers thermal energy using a heat pump and refrigeration cycle, cooling the cool space and warming the warm space. [1] In winter a heat pump can move heat from the cool outdoors to warm a house; the pump may also be designed to move heat from the house to the warmer outdoors in summer.
The relationship between thermal conductance and resistance is analogous to that between electrical conductance and resistance in the domain of electronics. Thermal insulance (R-value) is a measure of a material's resistance to the heat current. It quantifies how effectively a material can resist the transfer of heat through conduction ...
Electrical heating systems occur less commonly and are practical only with low-cost electricity or when ground source heat pumps are used. Considering the combined system of thermal power station and electric resistance heating, the overall efficiency will be less than for direct use of fossil fuel for space heating. [1]