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Map of the Sawad ("Irak") under the Abbasid Caliphate. Sawad was the name used in early Islamic times (7th–12th centuries) for southern Iraq.It means "black land" or "arable land" [1] and refers to the stark contrast between the alluvial plain of Mesopotamia and the Arabian Desert.
Military operations in three wars (Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, and Iraq War) have left unexploded ordnance and land mines in exposed positions, killing or wounding an estimated 100,000 people in the early 2000s. Ordnances are considered an environmental hazard due to their high concentrations of toxic metals.
In 1977–78, in response to the 1975 Algiers Agreement, Iraq began clearing swaths of land along its northern border with Iran. During the first waves of clearances, residents were given five days to leave their homes and as many as 500 villages were then destroyed, mostly in the As Sulaymaniyah Governorate .
The Iraq War (Arabic: حرب العراق, romanized: ḥarb al-ʿirāq), also referred to as the Second Gulf War, [84] [85] was a prolonged conflict in Iraq lasting from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion by a United States-led coalition , which resulted in the overthrow of the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein .
Under British Mandate, Iraq's land was moved from communal land owned by the tribe to tribal sheikhs that agreed to work with the British Empire. Known as compradors, these families controlled much of Iraq's arable land until the end of British rule in 1958. Throughout the 1920s and 30s, more and more land began to be centered in the hands of ...
Percentage figures for arable land, permanent crops land and other lands are all taken from the CIA World Factbook [1] as well as total land area figures [2] (Note: the total area of a country is defined as the sum of total land area and total water area together.) All other figures, including total cultivated land area, are calculated on the ...
The war resulted in the forced resignation of al-Maliki in 2014, as well as an airstrike campaign by the United States and a dozen other countries in support of the Iraqi military, [49] participation of American and Canadian troops (predominantly special forces) in ground combat operations, [50] [51] a $3.5 billion U.S.-led program to rearm the ...
In 2003, the Iraq War started after the United States-led coalition invaded Iraq and overthrew the Ba'ath Party. The war subsequently turned into an insurgency and sectarian civil war, with American troops withdrawing in 2011. Between 2013 and 2017, Iraq was once more in a state of war, with the rise and subsequent fall of Islamic State.