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Risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV), HIV/AIDS, receptive anal sex, [4] smoking, and many sexual partners. [1] Anal cancer is typically a squamous cell carcinoma. [3] Other types include adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and melanoma. [3] Diagnosis is suspected based on physical examination and confirmed by tissue biopsy. [1]
Some types of human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause anal cancer. [2] Other HPV types cause anogenital warts. Cigarette smokers, men who have sex with men, individuals with a history of immunosuppression (such as in HIV infection) and women with a history of cervical, vaginal and vulval cancer are at increased risk of getting anal cancer. [3]
In most cases, many risk factors for precancerous conditions and lesions are the same risk factors that determines individuals vulnerable to a specific cancer. For example, individuals with cervical or anal infection with oncogenic, or cancer causing, strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV) are at higher risk for cervical and anal cancers ...
Even cancers that seemed to be in decline for baby boomers and other older generations — including some breast cancers and testicular cancer — are now a greater risk again to millennials and ...
Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer, such as obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and certain lifestyle habits, are also associated with accelerated biological aging.
Depending on the number of risk factors (0-2) the risk for distant metastasis in rectal cancer ranges from 4-11% in stage 0, 6-12% in stage I, 11-28% in stage II and 15-43% in stage III. [187] The recurrence rates have decreased over the past decades as a result of improvements in the colorectal cancer management. [188]
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