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De re militari is a treatise on Roman military affairs by Vegetius, a late 4th or early 5th-century writer, and contains considerable information on the late army, although its focus is on the army of the Republic and Principate. However, Vegetius (who wholly lacked military experience) is often unreliable.
Ancient Greek sculpture of a hoplite (c. 5th century BC, Archæological Museum of Sparti), on which Rome's first class of infantry was based. Although several Roman sources including Livy and Polybius talk extensively about the Roman army of the Roman Kingdom period that followed the Etruscan capture of the city, no contemporary accounts ...
Re-enactment group interpreting the Batavi iuniores. The Batavi was an auxilia palatina (infantry) unit of the late Roman army, active between the 4th and the 5th century.It was composed by 500 soldiers and was the heir of those ethnic groups that were initially used as auxiliary units of the Roman army and later integrated in the Roman Empire after the Constitutio Antoniniana.
After the removal of senators from military command, the title of a legionary commander. ("...agens vice legati, dropped in later Third Century") Praetorians – A special force of bodyguards used by Roman Emperors. Praetorian prefect – Commander of the Praetorians. Primani – was a legio palatina, active in the 4th and 5th century.
458, Emperor Majorian leads the Roman army to a victory over the Vandals near Sinuessa, [105] Roman victory over the Visigoths in southern Gaul in the Battle of Arelate. Europe in the late fifth century (476–486). 459, Seizure of Trier by Franks, Roman reconquest of southern Gaul and most of Hispania under Emperor Majorian.
The 5th century is noted for being a period of migration and political instability throughout Eurasia. It saw the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , which came to a formal end in 476 AD. This empire had been ruled by a succession of weak emperors , with the real political might being increasingly concentrated among military leaders.
From its origin as a city-state on the peninsula of Italy in the 8th century BC, to its rise as an empire covering much of Southern Europe, Western Europe, Near East and North Africa to its fall in the 5th century AD, the political history of Ancient Rome was closely entwined with its military history.
The organization of the army of the mid-republic (also known as the "Polybian" or Manipular army) was described by the Greek historian Polybius in the mid-second century BC The basic military unit of the Polybian army was the maniple, which numbered about 120 men, and was subdivided into two centuries of 60 men. [9]