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According to garden historian Paige Johnson: After WWII, there was a concerted effort to find 'peaceful' uses for atomic energy.One of the ideas was to bombard plants with radiation and produce lots of mutations, some of which, it was hoped, would lead to plants that bore more heavily or were disease or cold-resistant or just had unusual colors.
Fasciation can be caused by hormonal imbalances in the meristematic cells of plants, which are cells where growth can occur. [4] [5] Fasciation can also be caused by random genetic mutation. [6] Bacterial and viral infections can also cause fasciation. [4]
An image of multiple chromosomes, taken from many cells. Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants. [1] [2] It is generally considered a field of biology and botany, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.
The following is a list of genetic disorders and if known, type of mutation and for the chromosome involved. Although the parlance "disease-causing gene" is common, it is the occurrence of an abnormality in the parents that causes the impairment to develop within the child. There are over 6,000 known genetic disorders in humans.
Some disorders are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and have X-linked inheritance. Very few disorders are inherited on the Y chromosome or mitochondrial DNA (due to their size). [3] There are well over 6,000 known genetic disorders, [4] and new genetic disorders are constantly being described in medical literature. [5]
With recents advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS), all types of de novo mutations within the genome can be directly studied, the detection of which provides a magnitude of insight toward the causes of both rare and common genetic disorders. Currently, the best estimate of the average human germline SNV mutation rate is 1.18 x 10^-8 ...
Some plants are triploid. As meiosis is disturbed, these plants are sterile, with all plants having the same genetic constitution: Among them, the exclusively vegetatively propagated saffron crocus (Crocus sativus). Also, the extremely rare Tasmanian shrub Lomatia tasmanica is a triploid sterile species.
The distinction between sectorial, mericlinal and periclinal plant chimeras is widely used. [36] [37] Periclinal chimeras involve a genetic difference that persists in the descendant cells of a particular meristem layer. This type of chimera is more stable than mericlinal or sectoral mutations that affect only later generations of cells. [38]