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(dB) ≈ 36.6 dB + 20 log10[frequency (MHz)] + 20 log10[distance (miles)] These alternative forms can be derived by substituting wavelength with the ratio of propagation velocity ( c , approximately 3 × 10 8 m/s ) divided by frequency, and by inserting the proper conversion factors between km or miles and meters, and between MHz and (1/s).
An optical ground wire (also known as an OPGW or, in the IEEE standard, an optical fiber composite overhead ground wire) is a type of cable that is used in overhead power lines. Such cable combines the functions of grounding and communications .
EPON is a "short haul" network using Ethernet packets, fiber optic cables, and single protocol layer. [1] EPON also uses standard 802.3 Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 gigabit per second upstream and downstream rates. EPON is applicable for data-centric networks, as well as full-service voice, data and video networks.
Wireless backhaul is easy to deploy, cost efficient and can provide high capacity connectivity, e.g., multiple gigabits per second, and even tens of Gbps. Wireline fiber backhaul, on the other hand, can provide practically endless capacity, but requires investment in deploying fiber as well as in optical equipment.
Loss = dB loss per connector × number of connectors + dB loss per splice × number of splices + dB loss per kilometer × kilometers of fiber, where the dB loss per kilometer is a function of the type of fiber and can be found in the manufacturer's specifications. For example, a typical 1550 nm single-mode fiber has a loss of 0.3 dB per kilometer.
Google Fiber, sometimes stylized as GFiber, is a fiber broadband Internet service operated by Google Fiber Inc., [2] a subsidiary of Alphabet, [3] servicing a growing number of households in cities in 19 states across the United States. [4] In mid-2016, Google Fiber was estimated to have about 453,000 broadband customers. [5]
Fiber to the x (FTTX; also spelled "fibre") or fiber in the loop is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications. As fiber optic cables are able to carry much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances, copper telephone ...
where s is the distance and c m is the speed of light in the medium (roughly 200,000 km/s for most fiber or electrical media, depending on their velocity factor). This approximately means an additional millisecond round-trip delay (RTT) per 100 km (or 62 miles) of distance between hosts. Other delays also occur in intermediate nodes.