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Previous emergence of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV showed that Betacoronaviruses represent a risk for emergence of diseases threatening to humans. [3] [4] Increased awareness due to the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak motivated research into the potential for other coronavirus outbreaks and the animal reservoirs which could lead to them. [5]
Dozens of captive animal species have been found infected or proven able to be experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The virus has also been found in over a dozen wild animal species. Most animal species that can get the virus have not been proven to be able to spread it back to humans.
General Non-human Great Ape Susceptibility to COVID-19 Although the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection among many non-human primates is unknown, all catarrhines , monkeys and apes from Africa and Eurasia, have the same set of 12 amino acid residues as human ACE2 where SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell leading to infection.
[10] [11] [12] The Michigan spillback into humans was the first documented case of any animal spillback in the United States. [ 13 ] In late 2022, scientists continued to monitor residual Delta strains, such as Delta strain AY.103, which have picked up Omicron mutations during co-infection in mink and deer and form the potential for so-called ...
Pets can also transmit ringworm and Giardia, which are endemic in both animal and human populations. Toxoplasmosis is a common infection of cats; in humans it is a mild disease although it can be dangerous to pregnant women. [47] Dirofilariasis is caused by Dirofilaria immitis through mosquitoes infected by mammals like dogs and cats.
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The report mentions that direct zoonotic transmission to humans has a precedent, as most current human coronaviruses originated in animals. Zoonotic transmission is also supported by the fact that RaTG13 binds to hACE2, although the fit is not optimal. [3] [130]
Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.