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The Egyptian language, or Ancient Egyptian (r n kmt; [1] [note 3] "speech of Egypt") is an extinct branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages that was spoken in ancient Egypt.It is known today from a large corpus of surviving texts, which were made accessible to the modern world following the decipherment of the ancient Egyptian scripts in the early 19th century.
This is a list of ancestor languages of modern and ancient languages, detailed for each modern language or its phylogenetic ancestor disappeared. For each language, the list is generally limited to the four or five immediate predecessors.
An extreme case is the Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda: the earliest parts of this text date to c. 1500 BC, [1] while the oldest known manuscripts date to c. 1040 AD. [2] Similarly the oldest Avestan texts, the Gathas, are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the 13th century AD. [3]
Most ancient and medieval Hindu texts were composed in Sanskrit, either epic Sanskrit (the pre-classical language found in the two main Indian epics) or classical Sanskrit (Paninian Sanskrit). [42] In modern times, most ancient texts have been translated into other Indian languages and some in Western languages. [ 43 ]
Other Egyptian languages (also known as Copto-Egyptian) consist of ancient Egyptian and Coptic, and form a separate branch among the family of Afro-Asiatic languages. The Egyptian language is among the first written languages, and is known from hieroglyphic inscriptions preserved on monuments and sheets of papyrus.
Routes of ancient scripts of the subcontinent traveling to other parts of Asia (Kharosthi shown in blue) The name Kharosthi may derive from the Hebrew kharosheth, a Semitic word for writing, [4] or from Old Iranian *xšaθra-pištra, which means "royal writing". [5] The script was earlier also known as Indo-Bactrian script, Kabul script and ...
Sanskrit epigraphy, the study of ancient inscriptions in Sanskrit, offers insight into the linguistic, cultural, and historical evolution of South Asia and its neighbors. Early inscriptions, such as those from the 1st century BCE in Ayodhya and Hathibada, are written in Brahmi script and reflect the transition to classical Sanskrit.
Mitanni (c. 1550 –1260 BC), [a] earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts, c. 1600 BC; [1] Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, [b] or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) [2] with Indo-Aryan linguistic and political influences.