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Developed by social psychologist Milton Rokeach, the instrument is designed for rank-order scaling of 36 values, including 18 terminal and 18 instrumental values. [1] The task for participants in the survey is to arrange the 18 terminal values, followed by the 18 instrumental values, into an order "of importance to YOU, as guiding principles in ...
Pursuing certain values can either align with or conflict against others. For instance, conformity and security align, while benevolence and power often conflict. Tradition and conformity share similar motivational goals and thus are grouped within the same category. The values are arranged in a circular model along two main bipolar dimensions.
Instrumental values are beliefs or conceptions about desirable modes of behavior that are instrumental to the attainment of desirable end points, such as honesty, responsibility, and capability. Terminal values are beliefs or conceptions about ultimate goals of existence that are worth surviving for, such as happiness, self-respect, and freedom ...
Protected values tend to be "intrinsically good", and most people can in fact imagine a scenario when trading off their most precious values would be necessary. [13] If such trade-offs happen between two competing protected values such as killing a person and defending your family they are called tragic trade-offs. [14]
Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias [a] or congeniality bias [2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. [3]
Value theory is the study of values.Also called axiology, it examines the nature, sources, and types of values.It is a branch of philosophy and an interdisciplinary field closely associated with social sciences like economics, sociology, anthropology, and psychology.
The beliefs of an individual are often centred around a religion, so the religion can be the origin of that individual's values. [13] When religion is defined heuristically , it can be used by individuals, communities or societies to answer their existential questions with the beliefs that the religion teaches. [ 14 ]
Nietzsche asserts that what made people great was not the content of their beliefs, but the act of valuing. Thus the values a community strives to articulate are not as important as the collective will to act on those values. [10] The willing is more essential than the intrinsic worth of the goal itself, according to Nietzsche. [11] "A thousand ...