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Umbilical granuloma is the most common umbilical abnormality in newborn children or neonates, causing inflammation and drainage. [1] [2] [3] It may appear in the first few weeks of newborn infants during the healing process of the umbilical cord due to an umbilical mass. [4] It is the overgrowth of the umbilical tissue. [5]
Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus with or before the presenting part of the fetus. Umbilical cord prolapse should always be considered a possibility when there is a sudden decrease in fetal heart rate or variable decelerations, particularly after the rupture of membranes. With overt prolapses, the ...
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
Treatment involves rapid surgery to control bleeding and delivery of the baby. [1] A hysterectomy may be required to control the bleeding. [1] Blood transfusions may be given to replace blood loss. [1] Women who have had a prior rupture are generally recommended to have C-sections in subsequent pregnancies. [6]
In velamentous cord insertion, the vessels of the umbilical cord are improperly inserted in the chorioamniotic membrane, and hence the vessels traverse between the amnion and the chorion towards the placenta. [1] [11] Without Wharton's jelly protecting the vessels, the exposed vessels are susceptible to compression and rupture. [1] [9]
Oxytocin is typically used right after the delivery of the baby to prevent PPH. [2] Misoprostol may be used in areas where oxytocin is not available. [2] Early clamping of the umbilical cord does not decrease risks and may cause anemia in the baby, and thus is usually not recommended. [2]
Umbilical cord prolapse is when the umbilical cord comes out of the uterus with or before the presenting part of the baby. [2] The concern with cord prolapse is that pressure on the cord from the baby will compromise blood flow to the baby. [2] It usually occurs during labor but can occur anytime after the rupture of membranes. [1] [5]
Postpartum bleeding, abdominal pain, mass in the vagina, low blood pressure [1] Types: First, second, third, fourth degree [1] Risk factors: Pulling on the umbilical cord or pushing on the top of the uterus before the placenta has detached, uterine atony, placenta previa, connective tissue disorders [1] Diagnostic method