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When viewed under a microscope, the bladder can be seen to have an inner lining (called epithelium), three layers of muscle fibres, and an outer adventitia. [ 8 ] The inner wall of the bladder is called urothelium , a type of transitional epithelium formed by three to six layers of cells; the cells may become more cuboidal or flatter depending ...
Should the transitional cell carcinoma grow toward the inner surface of the bladder via finger-like projections, it is known as papillary carcinoma. Otherwise, it is known as flat carcinoma. [11] Either form can transition from non-invasive to invasive by spreading into the muscle layers of the bladder.
The trigone (also known as the vesical trigone) [1] is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice. The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, stretch receptors in the urinary bladder signal the brain of its need to empty ...
Weak pelvic floor muscles, intrinsic sphincter damage, or damage to the surrounding nerves and tissue can make the urethral sphincter incompetent, and subsequently it will not close fully, leading to stress urinary incontinence. In women, childbirth, obesity, and age can all be risk factors, especially by weakening the pelvic floor muscles. [6]
The bladder also contains β 3 adrenergic receptors, and pharmacological agonists of this receptor are used to treat overactive bladder. The mucosa of the urinary bladder may herniate through the detrusor muscle. [6] This is most often an acquired condition due to high pressure in the urinary bladder, damage, or existing connective tissue ...
The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder. In males, the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder, continues through the external urethral orifice, and then becomes the prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethra.
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It is located at the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder and is continuous with the detrusor muscle, [1] [2] but anatomically and functionally fully independent from it. [3] It is composed of smooth muscle, so it is under the control of the autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic nervous system.