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Both of these features impair the ability of the esophagus to empty contents into the stomach. Patients usually complain of dysphagia to both solids and liquids. Dysphagia to liquids, in particular, is a characteristic of achalasia. Other symptoms of achalasia include regurgitation, night coughing, chest pain, weight loss, and heartburn.
Gastroparesis (gastro- from Ancient Greek γαστήρ – gaster, "stomach"; and -paresis, πάρεσις – "partial paralysis") is a medical disorder of ineffective neuromuscular contractions (peristalsis) of the stomach, resulting in food and liquid remaining in the stomach for a prolonged period of time.
The radiologist measures the rate of gastric emptying at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after the meal. The test can help confirm a diagnosis of dumping syndrome. The health care provider may also examine the structure of the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine with the following tests: [1] An upper GI endoscopy to see the upper GI tract.
The proportion of dyspeptic individuals with delayed stomach emptying varies from 20% to 50%, depending on the study. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] In response to gastric balloon distension during fasting and following meal intake, patients with functional dyspepsia demonstrate impaired proximal stomach accommodation.
Nutcracker esophagus, jackhammer esophagus, or hypercontractile peristalsis, is a disorder of the movement of the esophagus characterized by contractions in the smooth muscle of the esophagus in a normal sequence but at an excessive amplitude or duration.
Studies have shown that swallowing air during eating or delayed emptying of the stomach from hyperacidity leads to bloating after a meal. Individuals who are constipated also complain of bloating. In some individuals who are hypersensitive, any volume of air may be perceived as fullness and there may not be actual abdominal distension. [8]
Gastroptosis is the abnormal downward dislocation (ptosis) of the stomach in which its greater curve is displaced below the iliac crest. It is not a life-threatening condition. The condition frequently causes digestive symptoms, epigastric pain, constipation, decreased appetite, and sometimes even gastric emptying disorders. [2]
Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is an esophageal motility disorder characterized by increased pressure where the esophagus connects to the stomach at the lower esophageal sphincter. EGJOO is diagnosed by esophageal manometry.