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The park’s past includes a well-chronicled human history stretching back 700 years. [5] In its first year of operation in 1997, Boliden produced 180,000 tonnes (180,000 long tons; 200,000 short tons) of zinc, lead , copper and silver from 4 million tonnes (3,900,000 long tons; 4,400,000 short tons) of ore.
The term acid rock drainage, or ARD, was introduced in the 1980s and 1990s to indicate that acidic drainage can originate from sources other than mines. [1] For example, a paper presented in 1991 at a major international conference on this subject was titled: "The Prediction of Acid Rock Drainage – Lessons from the Database". [2]
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[1] [2] The delta ratio is a formula that can be used to assess elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis and to evaluate whether mixed acid base disorder (metabolic acidosis) is present. The list of agents that cause high anion gap metabolic acidosis is similar to but broader than the list of agents that cause a serum osmolal gap .
Metabolic alkalosis is an acid-base disorder in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate (HCO − 3), or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations.
[1] [4] This condition is one of the four primary disturbances of acid–base homeostasis. [5] Respiratory compensation is also a condition where increased respiration reduces carbon dioxide sometimes to level below the normal range. In this case it is a physiological response to low pH from metabolic processes and not the primary disorder.
Diagram depicting the sources and cycles of acid rain precipitation. Freshwater acidification occurs when acidic inputs enter a body of fresh water through the weathering of rocks, invasion of acidifying gas (e.g. carbon dioxide), or by the reduction of acid anions, like sulfate and nitrate within a lake, pond, or reservoir. [1]
One difficulty in evaluation acid-base derangements is the presence of multiple pathologies. A patient may present with a metabolic acidosis process alone, but they may also have a concomitant respiratory acidosis. Winters's formula gives an expected value for the patient's P CO 2; the patient's actual (measured) P CO 2 is then compared to this ...