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Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
Symmetric-key algorithms use a single shared key; keeping data secret requires keeping this key secret. Public-key algorithms use a public key and a private key. The public key is made available to anyone (often by means of a digital certificate). A sender encrypts data with the receiver's public key; only the holder of the private key can ...
A key generator [1] [2] [3] is a protocol or algorithm that is used in many cryptographic protocols to generate a sequence with many pseudo-random characteristics. This sequence is used as an encryption key at one end of communication, and as a decryption key at the other.
HKDF-Extract takes "input key material" (IKM) such as a shared secret generated using Diffie-Hellman, and an optional salt, and generates a cryptographic key called the PRK ("pseudorandom key"). This acts as a "randomness extractor", taking a potentially non-uniform value of high min-entropy and generating a value indistinguishable from a ...
The first iteration of PRF uses Password as the PRF key and Salt concatenated with i encoded as a big-endian 32-bit integer as the input. (Note that i is a 1-based index.) Subsequent iterations of PRF use Password as the PRF key and the output of the previous PRF computation as the input: F(Password, Salt, c, i) = U 1 ^ U 2 ^ ⋯ ^ U c. where:
The requirement that both parties have access to the secret key is one of the main drawbacks of symmetric-key encryption, in comparison to public-key encryption (also known as asymmetric-key encryption). [3] [4] However, symmetric-key encryption algorithms are usually better for bulk encryption. With exception of the one-time pad they have a ...
NaCl (Networking and Cryptography Library, pronounced "salt") is a public domain, high-speed software library for cryptography. [2]NaCl was created by the mathematician and programmer Daniel J. Bernstein, who is best known for the creation of qmail and Curve25519.
Note that the National Institute of Standards and Technology refers to this value as a secret key rather than a pepper. A pepper is similar in concept to a salt or an encryption key . It is like a salt in that it is a randomized value that is added to a password hash, and it is similar to an encryption key in that it should be kept secret.