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  2. Utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism

    The best action is the one that procures the greatest happiness to the greatest numbers, and the worst is the one that causes the most misery. In the first three editions of the book, Hutcheson included various mathematical algorithms "to compute the Morality of any Actions." In doing so, he echoed the later-proposed hedonic calculus of Bentham.

  3. Belief - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief

    It states that partial beliefs are basic and that full beliefs are to be conceived as partial beliefs above a certain threshold: for example, every belief above 0.9 is a full belief. [ 24 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Defenders of a primitive notion of full belief, on the other hand, have tried to explain partial beliefs as full beliefs about probabilities ...

  4. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    For example, when getting to know others, people tend to ask leading questions which seem biased towards confirming their assumptions about the person. However, this kind of confirmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill ; a way to establish a connection with the other person.

  5. List of philosophies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophies

    Cambridge Platonists – Capitalism – Carlyleanism – Carolingian Renaissance – Cartesianism – Categorical imperative – Chance, Philosophy of – Changzhou School of Thought – Charvaka – Chinese naturalism – Christian existentialism – Christian humanism – Christian neoplatonism – Christian philosophy – Chinese philosophy – Classical Marxism – Cognitivism ...

  6. Basic belief - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_belief

    Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be known. Beliefs therefore fall into two categories: Beliefs therefore fall into two categories: Beliefs that are properly basic, in that they do not depend upon justification of other beliefs, but on something outside the realm of belief (a "non- doxastic justification").

  7. Conservatism in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United...

    A belief in a transcendent order, which Kirk described variously as based in tradition, divine revelation, or natural law. An affection for the "variety and mystery" of human existence. A conviction that society requires orders and classes that emphasize natural distinctions. A belief that property and freedom are closely linked.

  8. Fideism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideism

    Fideism (/ ˈ f iː d eɪ. ɪ z əm, ˈ f aɪ d iː-/ FEE-day-iz-əm, FAY-dee-) is a standpoint or an epistemological theory which maintains that faith is independent of reason, or that reason and faith are hostile to each other and faith is superior at arriving at particular truths (see natural theology).

  9. Consciousness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness

    Examples of the range of descriptions, definitions or explanations are: ordered distinction between self and environment, simple wakefulness, one's sense of selfhood or soul explored by "looking within"; being a metaphorical "stream" of contents, or being a mental state, mental event, or mental process of the brain.