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The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), [1] also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, [2] was the eleventh emperor of the Qing dynasty, [3] and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1875 to 1908.
Kangxi period mark on a piece of late nineteenth century blue and white porcelain. Chinese potters have a long tradition of borrowing design and decorative features from earlier wares. Whilst ceramics with features thus borrowed might sometimes pose problems of provenance, they would not generally be regarded as either reproductions or fakes ...
Small cup with the "Five Treasures", Chenghua reign mark, 2.9 × 7 cm, PDF.767. Doucai (Chinese: 斗彩; Wade–Giles: tou-ts'ai) is a technique in painting Chinese porcelain, where parts of the design, and some outlines of the rest, are painted in underglaze blue, and the piece is then glazed and fired.
Famille rose bowl, Imperial porcelain, Jingdezhen. Famille rose (French for "pink family") is a type of Chinese porcelain introduced in the 18th century and defined by pink overglaze enamel. It is a Western classification for Qing dynasty porcelain known in Chinese by various terms: fencai, ruancai, yangcai, and falangcai. [1]
Kangxi reign marks on porcelain are few throughout the ceramic period, but a few can be identified with the pre‑1677 decades. Earlier Ming period marks can frequently be found. Their styles closely match the few Kangxi marks that are found and aid in delineating Kangxi transitional porcelain. [8]
The porcelain trade became important during the late Ming dynasty and was so throughout the Qing dynasty. [2] The growth reflected a creative influence that improved the artistic design of the porcelain and generated high demand in Europe. [3] Chinese porcelain made specifically for export to Europe is known as Chinese export porcelain.
Rudimentary famille rose have been found in Chinese porcelain from the 1720s, although the technique was not fully developed until around 1730 during the Yongzheng period. The pink of the early pieces of the 1720s were darker in colours made with ruby-coloured glass, but after 1725 softer shades were achieved by mixing with white enamels.
The Tongzhi Emperor (27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), [1] also known by his temple name Emperor Muzong of Qing, personal name Zaichun, [2] was the tenth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.