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A nectar spur is a hollow extension of a part of a flower. The spur may arise from various parts of the flower: the sepals, petals, or hypanthium, and often contain tissues that secrete nectar (nectaries). [1] [2] Nectar spurs are present in many clades across the angiosperms, and are often cited as an example of convergent evolution. [3]
Swarm is an open-source agent-based modeling simulation package, useful for simulating the interaction of agents (social or biological) and their emergent collective behavior. Swarm was initially developed at the Santa Fe Institute in the mid-1990s, and since 1999 has been maintained by the non-profit Swarm Development Group .
[4] [5] Conservation of bees also plays into the mechanics of the game, with the player being rewarded for rehabilitating new species back into the wild. [ 6 ] There is also a heavy focus on menu management along with a multiple menu system, allowing for multiple menus to be open at once.
The scout bees are translated from a few employed bees, which abandon their food sources and search new ones. In the ABC algorithm, the first half of the swarm consists of employed bees, and the second half constitutes the onlooker bees. The number of employed bees or the onlooker bees is equal to the number of solutions in the swarm.
Images of a Mimulus flower in visible light (left) and ultraviolet light (right) showing a dark nectar guide that is visible to bees but not to humans. Nectar guides are markings or patterns seen in flowers of some angiosperm species, that guide pollinators to their rewards. Rewards commonly take the form of nectar, pollen, or both, but various ...
The process of scent collection is quite similar across species. The male bee approaches the osmophore, the scent-producing part of the flower, and perches on the labellum. Using the long, dense hairs on its front legs, the bee gathers the aromatic substances, which are typically liquid but can also be found in crystalline form.
A synthetically produced Nasonov pheromone can be used to attract a honey bee swarm to an unoccupied hive or a swarm-catching box. Synthetically produced Nasonov consists of citral and geraniol in a 2:1 ratio. The Nasonov gland was first described in 1882 by the Russian zoologist Nikolai Viktorovich Nasonov.
A bee pollinating the flower of Bossiaea cinerea. Charles Darwin observed that the fertility of plants with papilionaceous flowers depend to an important extent on visits by bees, [ 6 ] and it is accepted that this corolla structure evolved under selective pressure of bee pollinators. [ 7 ]