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In information science, an upper ontology (also known as a top-level ontology, upper model, or foundation ontology) is an ontology (in the sense used in information science) that consists of very general terms (such as "object", "property", "relation") that are common across all domains.
ISO/IEC 21838 is intended to promote interoperability among lower level, domain-specific ontologies, and to foster coherent ontology design, for example, through the coordinated re-engineering of legacy ontologies which have been developed using heterogeneous top-level categories.
Top-level Ontology Chart. In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or all domains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and ...
Example of a constructed MBED Top Level Ontology based on the nominal set of views. [1]In computer science, information science and systems engineering, ontology engineering is a field which studies the methods and methodologies for building ontologies, which encompasses a representation, formal naming and definition of the categories, properties and relations between the concepts, data and ...
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a top-level ontology developed by Barry Smith and his associates for the purposes of promoting interoperability among domain ontologies built in its terms through a process of downward population. A guide to building BFO-conformant domain ontologies was published by MIT Press in 2015. [1]
Theory for Multi-level Modeling [11]: This theory provides a framework for multi-level modeling, allowing for a nuanced representation and analysis of hierarchical and layered structures. Each theory forms a part of the extensive conceptual framework offered by the ontology, contributing to a deeper understanding and analysis of domain-specific ...
Relational ontologies are common in certain forms of nominalism that reject the existence of universal properties. [122] Hierarchical ontologies state that the world is organized into levels. Entities on all levels are real but low-level entities are more fundamental than high-level entities.
In philosophy, the term formal ontology is used to refer to an ontology defined by axioms in a formal language with the goal to provide an unbiased (domain- and application-independent) view on reality, which can help the modeler of domain- or application-specific ontologies to avoid possibly erroneous ontological assumptions encountered in modeling large-scale ontologies.