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Wake turbulence groups enable distance-based separation minima for approach and departure as low as 3 nautical miles. Time-based separation minima are used for separating departing aircraft only. Separation minima range from 80 seconds to 240 seconds.
If separation is lost between two aircraft, they are said to be in a conflict. When an aircraft passes behind or follows another aircraft, wake turbulence minima are applied due to the effect of the wingtip vortices of the preceding aircraft on the following aircraft. These minima vary depending on the relative size of the two aircraft.
Wake turbulence can occasionally, under the right conditions, be heard by ground observers. [25] On a still day, the wake turbulence from heavy jets on landing approach can be heard as a dull roar or whistle. This is the strong core of the vortex. If the aircraft produces a weaker vortex, the breakup will sound like tearing a piece of paper.
Time Based Separation was successfully implemented at Heathrow by NATS and Leidos working in conjunction with Heathrow Airport on 24 March 2015 and has been in continuous operation since then. It enabled an average of 2.9 additional landings per hour on strong wind days, and delays caused by headwinds were reduced by up to 60%. [ 2 ]
In addition to mitigating en route midair collision hazard, SLOP is used to reduce the probability of high-altitude wake turbulence encounters. During periods of low wind velocity aloft, aircraft which are spaced 1000 feet vertically but pass directly overhead in opposite directions can generate wake turbulence which may cause either injury to ...
A visual approach that has a specified route the aircraft is to follow to the airport. Pilots must have a charted visual landmark or a preceding aircraft in sight, and weather must be at or above the published minimums. Pilots are responsible for maintaining a safe approach interval and wake turbulence separation. [4]: 4–58
Revised wake separation standards, known as wake recategorization or wake recat, have been reduced at terminal radar approach control (TRACON) facilities and airports across the United States. [140] [167] Phase 1 of wake recat replaced a weight-based standard with new size categories more optimally based on aircraft wake turbulence characteristics.
At 9:11:36, the tower controller cautioned Flight 587 about potential wake turbulence from a preceding B747. [4]: 2 Flight path Information. At 9:13:28, the A300 was cleared for takeoff and left the runway at 9:14:29, about one minute and 40 seconds after the JAL flight had departed.