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In addition to wake turbulence categories, ICAO also specifies wake turbulence groups. These are based on wing span as well as maximum takeoff mass. There are seven groups, A to G. [2] Wake turbulence groups were introduced to enable reduced separation requirements, although in some cases separation is increased.
Wake turbulence can occasionally, under the right conditions, be heard by ground observers. [25] On a still day, the wake turbulence from heavy jets on landing approach can be heard as a dull roar or whistle. This is the strong core of the vortex. If the aircraft produces a weaker vortex, the breakup will sound like tearing a piece of paper.
In air traffic control, separation is the name for the concept of keeping an aircraft outside a minimum distance from another aircraft to reduce the risk of those aircraft colliding, as well as prevent accidents due to secondary factors, such as wake turbulence. Separation can also apply to terrain, obstacles, and controlled airspace, wherein ...
In addition to mitigating en route midair collision hazard, SLOP is used to reduce the probability of high-altitude wake turbulence encounters. During periods of low wind velocity aloft, aircraft which are spaced 1000 feet vertically but pass directly overhead in opposite directions can generate wake turbulence which may cause either injury to ...
Everything you need to know about how turbulence can impact your flight
When UAL1015 asked permission for takeoff, the SLC glanced out the window to Runway 14R and didn't spot an aircraft. Then he was verifying the distance of United Airlines Flight 938, the aircraft which departed Runway 14R, to ensure adequate wake turbulence separation. All of this was done in about 3–4 seconds. [5] [3]: 3–4
The wake-turbulence category also is used to guide the separation of aircraft. [39] Super- and heavy-category aircraft require greater separation behind them than those in other categories. In some countries, such as the United States, it is a requirement to suffix the aircraft's call sign with the word heavy (or super) when communicating with ...
Revised wake separation standards, known as wake recategorization or wake recat, have been reduced at terminal radar approach control (TRACON) facilities and airports across the United States. [140] [167] Phase 1 of wake recat replaced a weight-based standard with new size categories more optimally based on aircraft wake turbulence characteristics.