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Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself. [2] Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused. [1] Cell death may occur by necrosis or apoptosis.
Following the recruitment of the aforementioned proteins to DNA damage sites, they will in turn trigger cellular responses and repair pathways to mitigate and repair the damage caused. [4] In short, these vital upstream proteins and downstream repair pathways altogether forms the DDR, which plays a vital role in DSB repair pathways regulation.
Monoadduct damage cause by change in single nitrogenous base of DNA; Di adduct damage; Damage caused by exogenous agents comes in many forms. Some examples are: Absorption of UV light directly by DNA induces photochemical reactions, leading to the formation of pyrimidine dimers, and photoionization, provoking oxidative damage. [7] [8] [9] [10]
Nucleotide excision repair is a DNA repair mechanism. [2] DNA damage occurs constantly because of chemicals (e.g. intercalating agents), radiation and other mutagens. Three excision repair pathways exist to repair single stranded DNA damage: Nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), and DNA mismatch repair (MMR).
Inflammation-induced ROS that cause DNA damage can trigger apoptosis, [52] [53] but may also cause cancer if repair and apoptotic processes are insufficiently protective. [45] Bile acids, stored in the gall bladder, are released into the small intestine in response to fat in the diet. Higher levels of fat cause greater release. [54]
Several review articles have shown that deficient DNA repair, allowing greater accumulation of DNA damage, causes premature aging; and that increased DNA repair facilitates greater longevity, e.g. [5] [6] Mouse models of nucleotide-excision–repair syndromes reveal a striking correlation between the degree to which specific DNA repair pathways ...
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Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder in which there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage such as that caused by ultraviolet (UV) light. [1] Symptoms may include a severe sunburn after only a few minutes in the sun, freckling in sun-exposed areas, dry skin and changes in skin pigmentation. [1]